The Rastafarian Religion

The Rastafarian religion originated in Africa.! It is often associated
with the poorer black population of Jamaica.! It is not just a religion, but
also a way of life.! Rastafarians speak out against; poverty, oppression and
inequality...not just religious ideas but global problems.! Rastafarians will use
the Bible for guidance.
The prime basic belief of the Rastafarians is that Haile Selassie is
the living God for the black race.! Selassie, whose previous name was Ras
Tafari, was the black Emperor of Ethiopia.! Rastafarians say scriptures
prophesized him as the one with "the hair of whose head was like wool (the
matted hair of I black man), whose feet were like unto burning brass (I
black skin)".
Selassie was not a Rastafarian himself.! He was a devout Christian.! In fact,
no one is really sure what he thought of the whole Rastafarian movement.!
When a group of Rastas went to Ethiopia to honor him, an official of the
palace told them to go away!! This did not make the Rastas question their
belief, it only made it stronger. God is not supposed to know he is God.
When Haile Selassie was reported dead, Rastas would not believe it.! They
believed that it was a trick of the media to try and bring their faith down.!
Rastafarians believe that Haile Selassie the first has trodden on to the
perfect flesh, and sits on the highest point of Mount Zion where He and
Empress Menen await the time of judgment.!
The Rastafarian name for God is Jah.!!!!!!!!!!
The Lion of Judah represents Haile Selassie, the Conqueror.! It represents
the King of Kings as a lion is the king of all beasts.! Selassie wore a Lion of
Judah ring that was given to Bob Marley at the time of Selassie's death.
Babylon is the Rastafarian term for the white political power structure that
has been holding the black race down for centuries.! In the past, Rasta sees
that the shackles of slavery held down blacks physically.! In the present,
Rasta feel that blacks are still held down through poverty, illiteracy,
inequality, and trickery by the white man.! The effort of Rasta is to try to
remind blacks of their heritage and have them stand up against this Babylon.
Ethiopia, specifically, Africa in general, is considered the Rastas' heaven on
earth.! There is no afterlife or hell, as Christianity believes.! Rasta's believe
that Jah will send the signal and help the blacks exodus back to Ethiopian,
their homeland.! Any news from Ethiopia was taken very seriously as a
warning to get ready to leave.! The belief stems from Marcus Garvey's
theme, "Back to Africa".! Although Selassie's death came before this was
possible, it did succeed in turning blacks desire to look towards Africa as
their roots.
One of the more obvious symbols of the Rastafarians is color.! These are
red, gold, and green.! These colors were taken from the Garvey movement.!
The color red stands for the Church Triumphant, which is the church of the
Rastas.! It also symbolizes the blood that martyrs have shed in the history
of the Rastas. The yellow represents the wealth of the homeland.! Green
represents the beauty and vegetation of Ethiopia, the Promised Land.!
Sometimes black is used to represent the color of Africans, to whom 98% of
the Jamaicans are descended
Ganja is used for religious purposes for Rastafarians.! Its use is written in
the Bible in Psalms 104:14, "He caused the grass for the cattle, and herb for
the service of man".! The use of this herb is very extensive among the
Rastas not only for spiritual purposes as in their Nyabingi celebration, but
also for medicinal purposes for colds and such.! The following are a few of
the many Biblical texts that Rasta embrace as reasons Jah, gave for the use
of the herb:
“ . . . thou shalt eat the herb of the field " (Genesis 3:18)
". . . eat every herb of the land " (Exodus 10:12)
"Better is a dinner of herb where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred
therewith" (Proverbs 15:17)
The true Rasta eats only I-tal food.! This is special food never touches
chemicals or is natural and not in cans.! This food is cooked, but served in
the rawest form possible; without salts, preservatives, or condiments.!
Rastas are therefore vegetarians.! Drinking preferences rest with anything
that is herbal, such as tea.! Liquor, milk, coffee, and soft drinks are viewed
as unnatural.! The term I-tal food is rapidly taking hold in the consumer
industry in Jamaica.
The dreadlocks on a Rasta's head symbolize the Rastas roots, contrasting
the straight, blond look of the white man and establishment.! It not only
shows their roots, but it is supported in the Bible: Leviticus 21:5, "They shall
not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off the corner
of their beard, nor make any cuttings in the flesh".! The way the hair grows
comes to represent the symbol of the Lion of Judah.! This has also come to
symbolize rebellion of the system and the "proper" way to wear hair.

Reggae History

Reggae music is musical genre which is a result of the evolution and development of several other musical genres and styles. Although it is strongly influenced by Afro-Caribbean music and American R&B, reggae music primarily originated from the progressive developments of rocksteady and ska back in the 1960s in Jamaica. Bob Marley, a popular reggae musician, said that the term reggae came from the Spanish term for “the king’s music”. Today, reggae music continues to be a significant influence on many other genres such as black music, soul music and chillout music.

The distinguishing characteristic of reggae music would be a heavy and back-beated rhythm. This means that the emphasis of the beat would be on the second and fourth beat in a 4/4 time. This backbeat is actually a general characteristic of most African-based musical compositions and cannot be found in traditional Asian or European music. Another characteristic of reggae music would be an emphasis on the third beat in 4/4 time done through a kick on the bass drum. As for its harmony, reggae music often has a simple one; sometimes an entire song would have just one or two chords. Because of the simple and repetitive chord structures of reggae music, it has been sometimes described to have a hypnotic effect to the listener.

The lyrics of reggae music could somewhat be difficult to understand, as they are typically English-based but have a distinct Jamaican dialect. The common themes of the song lyrics of reggae music are usually associated with various subjects including relationships, love, religion, peace, sexuality, injustice and poverty. There are also some reggae songs with lyrics that attempt to elevate the political awareness of the audience through criticizing materialism, or through informing listeners about controversial topics like Apartheid. Some common socio-political topics which are also used in reggae songs would be Black Nationalism, anti-colonialism, anti-racism and anti-capitalism. Most reggae lyrics also reflect the traditions and beliefs of Rastafarianism, which is a religion practiced by the most famous reggae musicians of the world.

Reggae music has several subgenres. Here are some of them.

1. Skinhead reggae

Skinhead reggae originated in the late 1960s, when several reggae artists started targeting their lyrics and music to skinheads. Its difference from rocksteady would be that it has a slightly faster beat which is done by the drummer making use of the hi-hat, lower mixing of the bass, heavy organ lines and the electronic double rhythm guitar stroke. Some skinhead reggae artists would include Toots & the Maytals, John Holt, and The Pioneers and Symarip.

2. Roots reggae

Roots reggae is a spiritual subgenre of reggae, with lyrics that are mainly about praising Jah or the God of Rastafarianism. Some of the other lyrical themes of roots reggae would include poverty as well as resistance to government oppression. Most of the songs of Bob Marley and Peter Tosh are under this subgenre.

3. Dub

This subgenre of reggae involves an extensive remixing of recorded material. It is also distinguished by the emphasis on the drum and the bass line. Two of the early proponents of dub music would be Mikey Dread and Augustus Pablo.

4. Lovers Rock

With lyrics that are often about love, lovers rock is a subgenre of reggae that originated back in the mid-1970s in South London. In many ways, it is similar to rhythm and blues.

5. Dancehall

This genre was developed back 1980 and has a style which is characterized by a DJ singing and rapping over raw and fast rhythms.

6. Reggaeton

Reggaeton is a combination of reggae and dancehall music, which gained popularity among young Latinos during the early 1990s.

Today, reggae music continues to be one of the more popular musical genres appreciated by a wide range of listeners throughout the world.

Bob Marley

Bob Marley was a hero figure, in the classic mythological sense. His departure from this planet came at a point when his vision of One World, One Love -- inspired by his belief in Rastafari -- was beginning to be heard and felt. The last Bob Marley and the Wailers tour in 1980 attracted the largest audiences at that time for any musical act in Europe.

Bob's story is that of an archetype, which is why it continues to have such a powerful and ever-growing resonance: it embodies political repression, metaphysical and artistic insights, gangland warfare and various periods of mystical wilderness. And his audience continues to widen: to westerners Bob's apocalyptic truths prove inspirational and life-changing; in the Third World his impact goes much further. Not just among Jamaicans, but also the Hopi Indians of New Mexico and the Maoris of New Zealand, in Indonesia and India, and especially in those parts of West Africa from wihch slaves were plucked and taken to the New World, Bob is seen as a redeemer figure returning to lead this.

In the clear Jamaican sunlight you can pick out the component parts of which the myth of Bob Marley is comprised: the sadness, the love, the understanding, the Godgiven talent. Those are facts. And although it is sometimes said that there are no facts in Jamaica, there is one more thing of which we can be certain: Bob Marley never wrote a bad song. He left behind the most remarkable body of recorded work. "The reservoir of music he has left behind is like an encyclopedia," says Judy Mowatt of the I-Threes. "When you need to refer to a certain situation or crisis, there will always be a Bob Marley song that will relate to it. Bob was a musical prophet."

The tiny Third World country of Jamaica has produced an artist who has transcended all categories, classes, and creeds through a combination of innate modesty and profound wisdom. Bob Marley, the Natural Mystic, may yet prove to be the most significant musical artist of the twentieth century.

Bob Marley gave the world brilliant and evocative music; his work stretched across nearly two decades and yet still remains timeless and universal. Bob Marley & the Wailers worked their way into the very fabric of our lives.

"He's taken his place alongside James Brown and Sly Stone as a pervasive influence on R & B", says the American critic Timothy White, author of the acclaimed Bob Marley biography CATCH A FIRE: THE LIFE OF BOB MARLEY. "His music was pure rock, in the sense that it was a public expression of a private truth."

It is important to consider the roots of this legend: the first superstar from the Third World, Bob Marley was one of the most charismatic and challenging performers of our time and his music could have been created from only one source: the street culture of Jamaica.

The days of slavery are a recent folk memory on the island. They have permeated the very essence of Jamaica's culture, from the plantation of the mid-nineteenth century to the popular music of our own times.

Although slavery was abolished in 1834, the Africans and their descendants developed their own culture with half-remembered African traditions mingled with the customs of the British.

This hybrid culture, of course, had parallels with the emerging black society in America. Jamaica, however, remained a rural community which, without the industrialisation of its northern neighbour, was more closely rooted to its African legacy.

By the start of the twentieth century that African heritage was given political expression by Marcus Garvey, a shrewd Jamaican preacher and entrepreneur who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). The organisation advocated the creation of a new black state in Africa, free from white domination. As the first step in this dream, Garvey founded the Black Star Line, a steamship company which, in popular imagination at least, was to take the black population from America and the Caribbean back to their homeland of Africa.

A few years later, in 1930, Ras Tafari Makonnen was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia and took a new name, Haile Selassie, The Emperor claimed to be the 225th ruler in a line that stretched back to Menelik, the son of Solomon and Sheba.

The Marcus Garvey followers in Jamaica, consulting their New Testaments for a sign, believed Haile Selassie was the black king whom Garvey had prophesied would deliver the Negro race. It was the start of a new religion called Rastafari.

Fifteen years later, in Rhoden Hall to the north of Jamaica, Bob Marley was born. His mother was an eighteen-year-old black girl called Cedella Booker while his father was Captain Norval Marley, a 50-year-old white quartermaster attached to the British West Indian Regiment.

The couple married in 1944 and Robert Nesta Marley was born on February 6, 1945. Norval Marley's family, however, applied constant pressure and, although he provided financial support, the Captain seldom saw his son who grew up in the rural surroundings of St. Ann to the north of the island.

For country people in Jamaica, the capital Kingston was the city of their dreams, the land of opportunity. The reality was that Kingston had little work to offer, yet through the Fifties and Sixties, people flooded to the city. The newcomers, despite their rapid disillusion with the capital, seldom returned to the rural parishes. Instead, they squatted in the shanty towns that grew up in western Kingston, the most notorious of which was Trench town (so named because it was built over a ditch that drained the sewage of old Kingston.)

Bob Marley, barely into his teens, moved to Kingston in the late Fifties. Like many before them, Marley and his mother eventually settled in Trenchtown. His friends were other street youths, also impatient with their place in Jamaican society. One friend in particular was Neville O'Riley Livingston, known as Bunny, with whom Bob took his first hesitant musical steps.

The two youths were fascinated by the extraordinary music they could pick up from American radio stations. In particular there was one New Orleans station broadcasting the latest tunes by such artists as Ray Charles, Fats Domino, Curtis Mayfield and Brook Benton. Bob and Bunny also paid close attention to the black vocal groups, such as the Drifters, who were extremely popular in Jamaica.

When Bob quit school he seemed to have but one ambition: music. Although he took a job in a welding shop, Bob spent all his free time with Bunny, perfecting their vocal abilities. They were helped by one of Trench Town's famous residents, the singer Joe Higgs who held informal lessons for aspiring vocalists in the tenement yards. It was at one of those sessions that Bob and Bunny met Peter McIntosh, another youth with big musical ambitions.

In 1962 Bob Marley auditioned for a local music entrepreneur called Leslie Kong. Impressed by the quality of Bob's vocals, Kong took the young singer into the studio to cut some tracks, the first of which, called "Judge Not", was released on Beverley's label. It was Marley's first record. The other tunes -- including "Terror" and "One Cup of Coffee" -- received no airplay and attracted little attention. At the very least, however, they confirmed Marley's ambition to be a singer. By the following year Bob had decided the way forward was with a group. He linked up with Bunny and Peter to form The Wailing Wailers.

The new group had a mentor, a Rastafarian hand drummer called Alvin Patterson, who introduced the youths to Clement Dodd, a record producer in Kingston. In the summer of 1963 Dodd auditioned The Wailing Wailers and, pleased with the results, agreed to record the group.

It was the time of ska music, the hot new dance floor music with a pronounced back-beat. Its origins incorporated influences from Jamaica's African traditions but, more immediately, from the heady beats of New Orleans' rhythm & blues disseminated from American radio stations and the burgeoning sound systems on the streets of Kingston. Clement - Sir Coxsone - Dodd was one of the city's finest sound system men.

The Wailing Wailers released their first single, "Simmer Down", on the Coxsone label during the last weeks of 1963. By the following January it was number one in the Jamaican charts, a position it held for the next two months. The group -- Bob, Bunny and Peter together with Junior Braithwaite and two back-up singers, Beverly Kelso and Cherry Smith -- were big news.

"Simmer Down" caused a sensation in Jamaica and The Wailing Wailers began recording regularly for Coxsone Dodd's Studio One Company. The groups' music also found new themes, identifying with the Rude Boy street rebels in the Kingston slums. Jamaican music had found a tough, urban stance.

Over the next few years The Wailing Wailers put out some thirty sides that properly established the group.

Despite their popularity, the economics of keeping the group together proved too much and the three other members -- Junior Braithwaite, Beverly Kelso and Cherry Smith -- quit. Bob's mother, Cedella, had remarried and moved to Delaware in the United States where she had saved sufficient money to send her son an air ticket. The intention was for Bob to start a new life. But before he moved to America, Bob met a young girl called Rita Anderson and, on February 10, 1966, they were married.

Marley's stay in America was short-lived. He worked just enough to finance his real ambition: music. In October 1966 Bob Marley, after eight months in America, returned to Jamaica. It was a formative period in his life. The Emperor Haile Selassie had made a state visit to Jamaica in April that year. By the time Bob re-settled in Kingston the Rastafarian movement had gained new credence.

Marley was increasingly drawn towards Rastafari. In 1967 Bob's music reflected his new beliefs. Gone were the Rude Boy anthems; in their place was a growing commitment to spiritual and social issues, the cornerstone of his real legacy.

Marley joined up with Bunny and Peter to re-form the group, now known as The Wailers. Rita, too, had started a singing career, having a big hit with "Pied Piper", a cover of an English pop song. Jamaican music, however, was changing. The bouncy ska beat had been replaced by a slower, more sensual rhythm called rock steady.

The Wailers new commitment to Rastafarianism brought them into conflict with Coxsone Dodd and, determined to control their own destiny, the group formed their own record label, Wail 'N' Soul. Despite a few early successes, however, the Wailers' business naivete proved too much and the label folded in late 1967.

The group survived, however, initially as songwriters for a company associated with the American singer Johnny Nash who, the following decade, was to have an international smash with Marley's "Stir It Up". The Wailers also met up with Lee Perry, whose production genius had transformed recording studio techniques into an art form.

The Perry/Wailers combination resulted in some of the finest music the band ever made. Such tracks as "Soul Rebel", "Duppy Conqueror", "400 Years" and "Small Axe" were not only classics, but they defined the future direction of reggae.

In 1970 Aston 'Family Man' Barrett and his brother Carlton (bass and drums respectively) joined the Wailers. They had been the rhythm nucleus of Perry's studio band, working with the Wailers on those ground-breaking sessions. They were also unchallenged as Jamaica's hardest rhythm section, a status that was to remain undiminished during the following decade. The band's reputation was, at the start of the Seventies, an extraordinary one throughout the Caribbean. But internationally the Wailers were still unknown.

In the summer of 1971 Bob accepted an invitation from Johnny Nash to accompany him to Sweden where the American singer had taken a filmscore commission. While in Europe Bob secured a recording contract with CBS which was also, of course, Nash's company. By the spring of 1972 the entire Wailers were in London, ostensibly promoting their CBS single "Reggae on Broadway". Instead they found themselves stranded in Britain.

As a last throw of the dice Bob Marley walked into the Basing Street Studios of Island Records and asked to see its founder Chris Blackwell. The company, of course, had been one of the prime movers behind the rise of Jamaican music in Britain; indeed Blackwell had launched Island in Jamaica during the late fifties.

By 1962, however, Blackwell had realised that, by re-locating Island to London, he could represent all his Jamaican rivals in Britain. The company was re-born in May, 1962, selling initially to Britain's Jamaican population centered mostly in London and Birmingham.

The hot ska rhythm, however, quickly became established as a burgeoning dance floor beat with the then growing Mod culture and, in 1964, Blackwell produced a worldwide smash with 'My Boy Lollipop', a pop/ska tune by the young Jamaican singer Millie.

Through the Sixties Island had grown to become a major source of Jamaican music, from ska and rock steady to reggae. The company had also embraced white rock music, with such bands and artists as Traffic, Jethro Tull, King Crimson, Cat Stevens, Free and Fairport Convention so, when Bob Marley made his first moves with Island in 1971, he was connecting with the hottest independent in the world at that time.

Blackwell knew of Marley's Jamaican reputation. The group was offered a deal unique in Jamaican terms. The Wailers were advanced £4000 to make an album and, for the first time, a reggae band had access to the best recording facilities and were treated in much the same way as, say, their rock group contemporaries. Before this deal, it was considered that reggae sold only on singles and cheap compilation albums. The Wailers' first album "Catch A Fire" broke all the rules: it was beautifully packaged and heavily promoted. It was the start of a long climb to international fame and recognition.

Years later the acclaimed reggae dub poet Linton Kwesi Johnson, commenting on "Catch A Fire", wrote: "A whole new style of Jamaican music has come into being. It has a different character, a different sound. . . what I can only describe as International Reggae. It incorporates elements from popular music internationally: rock and soul, blues and funk. These elements facilitated a breakthrough on the international market."

Although "Catch A Fire" was not an immediate hit, it made a considerable impact on the media. Marley's hard dance rhythms, allied to his militant lyrical stance, came in complete contrast to the excesses of mainstream rock. Island also decided The Wailers should tour both Britain and America; again a complete novelty for a reggae band.

Marley and the band came to London in April 1973, embarking on a club tour which hardened The Wailers as a live group. After three months, however, the band returned to Jamaica and Bunny, disenchanted by life on the road, refused to play the American tour. His place was taken by Joe Higgs, The Wailers' original singing teacher.

The American tour drew packed houses and even included a weekend engagement playing support to the young Bruce Springsteen. Such was the demand that an autumn tour was also arranged with seventeen dates as support to Sly & The Family Stone, then the number one band in black American music.

Four shows into the tour, however, The Wailers were taken off the bill. It seems they had been too good; support bands should not detract from the main attraction. The Wailers nevertheless made their way to San Francisco where they broadcast a live concert for the pioneering rock radio station, KSAN.

The bulk of that session was finally made available in February 1991, when Island released the commemorative album, "Talkin' Blues".

In 1973 The Wailers also released their second Island album, "Burnin'", an LP that included new versions of some of the band's older songs: "Duppy Conqueror", for instance, "Small Axe" and "Put It On" -- together with such tracks as "Get Up Stand Up" and "I Shot The Sheriff". The latter, of course, was a massive worldwide hit for Eric Clapton the following year, even reaching number one in the U.S. singles' chart.

In 1974 Marley spent much time of his time in the studio working on the sessions that eventually provided "Natty Dread", an album that included such fiercely committed songs as "Talkin' Blues", "No Woman No Cry", "So Jah Seh", "Revolution", "Them Belly Full (But We Hungry)" and "Rebel Music (3 o'clock Roadblock)". By the start of the next year, however, Bunny and Peter had quit the group; they were later to embark on solo careers (as Bunny Wailer and Peter Tosh) while the band was re-named Bob Marley & The Wailers.

"Natty Dread" was released in February 1975 and, by the summer, the band was on the road again. Bunny and Peter's missing harmonies were replaced by the I-Threes, the female trio comprising Bob's wife Rita together with Marcia Griffiths and Judy Mowatt. Among the concerts were two shows at the Lyceum Ballroom in London which, even now, are remembered as highlights of the decade.

The shows were recorded and the subsequent live album, together with the single "No Woman No Cry", both made the charts. Bob Marley & The Wailers were taking reggae into the mainstream. By November, when The Wailers returned to Jamaica to play a benefit concert with Stevie Wonder, they were obviously the country's greatest superstars.

"Rastaman Vibration", the follow-up album in 1976, cracked the American charts. It was, for many, the clearest exposition yet of Marley's music and beliefs, including such tracks as "Crazy Baldhead", "Johnny Was", "Who the Cap Fit" and, perhaps most significantly of all, "War", the lyrics of which were taken from a speech by Emperor Haile Selassie.

Its international success cemented Marley's growing political importance

in Jamaica, where his firm Rastafarian stance had found a strong resonance with the ghetto youth.

By way of thanking the people of Jamaica, Marley decided on a free concert, to be held at Kingston's National Heroes Park on December 5, 1976. The idea was to emphasise the need for peace in the slums of the city, where warring factions had brought turmoil and murder.

Just after the concert was announced, the government called an election for December 20. The campaign was a signal for renewed ghetto war and, on the eve of the concert, gunmen broke into Marley's house and shot him.

In the confusion the would-be assassins only wounded Marley, who was hastily taken to a safe haven in the hills surrounding Kingston. For a day he deliberated playing the concert and then, on December 5, he came on stage and played a brief set in defiance of the gunmen.

It was to be Marley's last appearance in Jamaica for nearly eighteen months. Immediately after the show he left the country and, during early 1977, lived in London where he recorded his next album, Exodus.

Released in the summer of that year, Exodus properly established the band's international status. The album remained on the UK charts for 56 straight weeks, and its three singles - "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain" and "Jammin" - were all massive sellers. The band also played a week of concerts at London's Rainbow Theatre; their last dates in the city during the seventies.

In 1978 the band capitalised on their chart success with "Kaya", an album which hit number four in the UK the week after release. That album saw Marley in a different mood; a collection of love songs and, of course, homages to the power of ganja. The album also provided two chart singles, "Satisfy My Soul" and the beautiful "Is This Love".

There were three more events in 1978, all of which were of extraordinary significance to Marley. In April, he returned to Jamaica to play the One Love Peace Concert in front of the Prime Minister Michael Manley and the Leader of the Opposition Edward Seaga.

He was then invited to the United Nations in New York to receive the organisation's Medal of Peace. At the end of the year Bob also visited Africa for the first time, going initially to Kenya and then on to Ethiopia, spiritual home of Rastafari.

The band had earlier toured Europe and America, a series of shows that provided a second live album, "Babylon By Bus". The Wailers also broke new ground by playing in Australia, Japan and New Zealand: truly international style reggae.

"Survival", Bob Marley's ninth album for Island Records, was released in the summer of 1979. It included "Zimbabwe", a stirring anthem for the soon-to-be liberated Rhodesia, together with "So Much Trouble In The World", "Ambush In The Night" and "Africa Unite"; as the sleeve design, comprising the flags of the independent nations, indicated, "Survival" was an album of pan-African solidarity.

At the start of the following year -- a new decade -- Bob Marley & The Wailers flew to Gabon where they were to make their African debut. It was not an auspicious occasion, however, when the band discovered they were playing in front of the country's young elite. The group, nevertheless, was to make a quick return to Africa, this time at the official invitation to the government of liberated Zimbabwe to play at the country's Independence Ceremony in April, 1980. It was the greatest honour ever afforded the band, and one which underlined the Wailer's importance in the Third World.

The band's next album, "Uprising", was released in May 1980. It was an instant hit, with the single, "Could You Be Loved" a massive worldwide seller. Uprising also featured "Coming In From the Cold", "Work" and the extraordinary closing track, "Redemption Song".

The Wailers embarked on a major European tour, breaking festival records throughout the continent. The schedule included a 100,000-capacity crowd in Milan, the biggest show in the band's history. Bob Marley & The Wailers, quite simply, were the most important band on the road that year and the new Uprising album hit every chart in Europe. It was a period of maximum optimism and plans were being made for an American tour, in company with Stevie Wonder, that winter.

At the end of the European tour Marley and the band went to America. Bob played two shows at Madison Square Garden but, immediately afterwards, was taken seriously ill.

Three years earlier, in London, Bob hurt a toe while playing football. The wound had become cancerous and was belatedly treated in Miami, yet it continued to fester. By 1980 the cancer, in its most virulent form, had begun to spread through Marley's body.

He fought the disease for eight months, taking treatment at the clinic of Dr. Joseph Issels in Bavaria. Issels' treatment was controversial and non-toxic and, for a time anyway, Bob's condition seemed to stabilise.

Eventually, however, the battle proved too much. At the start of May, Bob Marley left Germany for his Jamaican home, a journey he did not complete.

He died in a Miami hospital on Monday May 11, 1981.

The previous month, Marley had been awarded Jamaica's Order Of Merit, the nation's third highest honour, in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the country's culture.

On Thursday May 21, 1981, the Hon. Robert Nesta Marley O.M. was given an official funeral by the people of Jamaica. Following the service - attended by both the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition - Marley's body was taken to his birthplace at Nine Mile, on the north of the island, where it now rests in a mausoleum. Bob Marley was 36-years-old. His legend, however, has conquered the years.

DICE merupakan perusahaan paling baru yang bergabung untuk pengembangan game ini. DICE mengatakan bahwa game ini sudah siap untuk gelombang baru pada konsol, contohnya Battlefield 3 yang sudah siap dengan engine Frostbite 2.

Eksekutif Produser DICE, Patrick Bach melalui CVG mengatakan "Jika nantinya Battlefield 3 bukan game yang paling menarik untuk game konsol tahun ini, tapi game ini akan menjadi game acuan untuk generasi game konsol berikutnya”.

Patrick Bach juga menambahkan bahwa walaupun Microsoft atau Sony telah merilis platform baru untuk Xbox 720 atau PlayStation 4, mesin Frostbite 2 akan dengan mudah diskalakan ke perangkat tersebut. Seperti yang dikatakan sebelumnya, DICE telah membuat teknologi yang siap untuk generasi konsol berikutnya.

"Kami sudah siap. Jika Microsoft atau Sony besok akan merilis konsol baru, skala mesin Frostbite 2 sudah siap pada platform terbaru mereka. Karena kami melihat tidak hanya pada teknologi PC untuk hari ini, tapi juga pada apa yang akan terjadi besok jika teknologi ini benar-benar dirilis."

Battlefield 3 sudah dibuatkan videonya yang menampilkan apa saja yang bisa dilakukan di game tersebut. Namun Kita masih harus menunggu untuk rilisnya, karena game ini dijadwalkan untuk muncul pada akhir tahun, yang diterbitkan oleh Electronic Arts

cara memunculkan foder yang terhiden firus

Langkah berikut adalah cara mudah merubah attribut dari file yang terHidden dengan hanya menggunakan perintah di Command Prompt yang tersedia di Windows XP. Dengan begitu, di mana dan kapanpun anda berada anda bisa memunculkan file yang ter-Hidden dengan mudah, tanpa harus anda tergantung pada script atau program tertentu. Lebih praktis dan tentu lebih efisien.

1. Buka Command Prompt dengan cara Klik Start Menu – Accessories – Command Prompt

2. Tampilan pertama pada command prompt akan tampak seperti ini :

“C:\Documents and Settings\Username>” tanpa tanda kutip, dimana username merupakan profiles anda di komputer tersebut.

3. Setelah itu masuk ke Folder dimana file-file yang terhidden anda tersimpan. Misal kalau anda menyimpan file-file yang terhidden di folder document pada drive D maka anda masukan perintah berikut ini : “cd /d d:\document” tanpa tanda kutip sehingga tampilan di command prompt akan tampak seperti ini : “D:\document>”

Tips : sebaiknya anda kumpulkan file-file dan folder anda yang terHidden dalam satu folder, sehingga anda bisa menghemat waktu dan tidak harus melakukan langkah ini pada setiap file atau folder yang terhidden.

4. Waktunya anda merubah file-file anda tersebut menjadi visible atau tidak terhidden lagi, dengan memasukan perintah berikut : (tanpa tanda kutip)

“attrib -r -a -s -h /s /d” dengan perintah ini, maka semua file dan folder didalam folder tersebut (folder document di langkah 3) akan kembali muncul, dan tidak terhidden lagi.

Ket : r = read only, a=archive, s=system, h=hidden, tanda minus (-) untuk menghilangkan attribut pada suatu file, anda bisa menggantinya dengan tanda plus (+), untuk menambahkan attribut pada suatu file.

Bagaimana? Mudah bukan. Jadi bila suatu waktu anda berkunjung ke rumah teman anda, dan anda diminta untuk memunculkan kembali file-filenya yang terhidden, anda bisa menolongnya dengan segera, tanpa perlu anda tergantung pada script atau program tertentu.

SUMBER

bahaya di depan komputer

5 Jam per Hari di Depan PC, Bikin Cepat Mati
Temuan ini menambah bukti yang terus terkumpul seputar bahayanya berlama-lama duduk.
Rabu, 20 April 2011, 07:14 WIB

VIVAnews - Menurut penelitian, menghabiskan waktu lebih dari 5 jam per hari di depan komputer bisa merusak jantung dan menjurus ke kematian lebih cepat. Penyebabnya adalah posisi duduk, terutama duduk bersandar, yang merupakan posisi umum saat orang bekerja dengan komputer, bermain game, ataupun menonton televisi.

Penelitian tersebut dilakukan oleh Emmanuel Stamatakis, peneliti dari University College London, Inggris. Ia melakukan penelitian terhadap lebih dari 4.500 orang berusia di atas 35 tahun dan hasilnya dipublikasikan di Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

Temuan ini menambah bukti-bukti yang terus terkumpul seputar bahayanya berlama-lama duduk. Padahal, kecenderungan yang terjadi saat ini adalah orang semakin banyak yang duduk di depan komputer saat bekerja di kantor.

“Orang yang menghabiskan waktu lebih dari 4 jam berturut-turut per hari di depan komputer memiliki peluang 125 persen lebih tinggi akan mengalami kematian terkait penyakit jantung dibanding mereka yang hanya menghabiskan waktu kurang dari 2 jam di depan layar,” kata Stamatakis, seperti dikutip dari Examiner, 20 April 2011.

Stamatakis menyebutkan, dari penelitian, mereka juga menemukan bahwa 48 persen orang yang menghabiskan waktu 4 jam di depan komputer berturut-turut juga berpeluang mengalami kematian lebih cepat akibat faktor lain di luar jantung.

Lebih lanjut, mereka yang menghabiskan lebih dari 5 jam di depan komputer per hari, risiko mati lebih cepatnya naik secara signifikan.

Sebelumnya, diperkirakan bahwa mereka yang menghabiskan waktu terlalu banyak di depan komputer, atau juga di depan televisi, merupakan orang yang malas berolahraga dan menyebabkan munculnya penyakit. Namun, dari data yang didapat, tidak demikian.

“Orang yang berolahraga secara reguler di waktu luang mereka juga memiliki peluang untuk mati lebih cepat,” kata Stamatakis.

Peneliti meyakini bahwa penyebabnya memang adalah duduk yang terlalu lama. Posisi tersebut diketahui menyebabkan penurunan 90 persen lipoprotein lipase dan enzim jantung yang sehat. Pembengkakan dan masalah metabolisme yang disebabkan oleh ketidakatifan dalam waktu panjang juga menjadi sumber permasalahan.

Akan tetapi, ada solusi bagi mereka yang terpaksa harus bekerja di depan komputer sepanjang hari. “Anda harus bangun setiap 20 menit dan berjalan kaki sejenak,” kata Stamatakis. “Itu akan menurunkan masalah-masalah tersebut dan mungkin akan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk hidup lebih lama,” ucapnya. (sj)

Cara Unik Hentikan Cegukan

HAMPIR semua orang tampaknya pernah mengalami cegukan, tanpa memandang jenis kelamin atau usia. Cegukan adalah tiruan bunyi karena udara di kerongkongan tersendat seperti jika habis makan makanan kering lalu tidak minum sehingga udara di kerongkongan tersendat-sendat keluar.

Cegukan terjadi karena kontraksi disengaja pada otot diafragma yang membantu jalannya pernapasan. Suara khas cegukan muncul karena iritasi pada saraf diafragma yang mengganggu pergerakan napas.

Jika Anda tiba-tiba terserang cegukan, coba beberapa salah satu dari trik berikut ini seperti dikutip dari Times News Network, Senin (30/1):

1. Obat lezat sekaligus efektif untuk menghentikan cegukan adalah makan sesendok selai kacang.
2. Segera minum air di antara cegukan.
3. Kunyah satu sendok gula secara perlahan, ini juga bisa menghentikan cegukan.
4. Makan campuran sedikit garam dan yoghurt dalam sebuah mangkuk kecil.
5. Cara lain yang unik, isap es batu dengan perlahan di dalam mulut.
6. Gigit satu iris jahe.
7. Tertawa keras, ini merupakan cara menyenangkan untuk menghentikan cegukan.

Sumer